What is Nil Sperm Count - Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

What is nil sperm count?
Nil sperm count is a condition that there's no sperm found in semen fluid at all. Nil sperm
count is a specific condition among all azoospermia cases.

What causes nil sperm count?
Causes of nil sperm count varies but there're two basic conditions:
- The testicles produce sperm but they cannot be carried out via spermduct, which is also
called obstructive nil sperm count.
- The testicles doesn't produce sperm, which is also called non-obstructive nil sperm count.
Obstructive nil sperm count is caused by two factors: varicocele and spemrduct blockage.
Non-obstructive nil sperm count can be caused by the following factors:
- Certain hormonal disorders
- Testicle conditions
- Klinefelter's syndrome
What are nil sperm count symptoms?
Nil sperm count doesn't cause any symptom in men. However men with nil spem count may find
it difficult to make their wife or girlfriend conceive.
How is nils sperm count diagnosed?
Nil sperm count is diagnosed via semen analysis and testicular biopsy.
Test twice for semen analysis is necessary for diagnosis in case the result of test is affected by other body conditions. A semen analysis evaluates certain characteristics of a male's semen and the sperm contained therein. If there was no sperm found in semsn analysis for twice, nil sperm count can be diagnosed.
A testicular biopsy is for a further diagnosis to check if there's living sperm in the testicle. This is the basic method to help doctors distinguish it's a obstructive nil sperm count or not.
How is nil sperm count treated?
Secondary nil sperm count can be treated once the cause of this condition is found. The treatment should be aiming at treating the cause before correcting the abnormity of testicles.
Nil sperm count caused by primary factors(Klinefelter's syndrome or testicular underdevelopment) may not be treated or be completely treated. Persistent hormone injections or intake can be helpful on some cases.

What is Ovarian Cyst - Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

What are ovarian cysts?
The ovaries are two small organs located on either side of the uterus in a woman’s body. They make hormones, including estrogen, which trigger menstruation. Every month, the ovaries release a tiny egg. The egg makes its way down the fallopian tube to potentially be fertilized. This cycle of egg release is called ovulation.
Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs or pockets within or on the surface of an ovary. Many women have ovarian cysts at some time during their lives. Most ovarian cysts present little or no discomfort and are harmless. The majority of ovarian cysts disappear without treatment within a few months.
What are ovarian cyst causes?
Cysts are fluid-filled sacs that can form in the ovaries. They are very common. They are particularly common during the childbearing years.
There are several different types of ovarian cysts. The most common is a functional cyst. It forms during ovulation. That formation happens when either the egg is not released or the sac -- follicle -- in which the egg forms does not dissolve after the egg is released.
Other types of cysts include:
Polycystic ovaries. In polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the follicles in which the eggs normally mature fail to open and cysts form.
Endometriomas. In women with endometriosis, tissue from the lining of the uterus grows in other areas of the body. This includes the ovaries. It can be very painful and can affect fertility.
Cystadenomas. These cysts form out of cells on the surface of the ovary. They are often fluid-filled.
Dermoid cysts. This type of cyst contains tissue similar to that in other parts of the body. That includes skin, hair, and teeth.
What are ovarian cyst symptoms?
Small ovarian cysts can bring no symptoms at all. A large ovarian cyst can cause abdominal discomfort.
The symptoms of ovarian cysts, if present, may include:
- Menstrual irregularities
- Pelvic pain - a constant or intermittent dull ache that may radiate to your lower back and thighs
- Pelvic pain shortly before your period begins or just before it ends
- Pelvic pain during intercourse (dyspareunia)
- Pain during bowel movements or pressure on your bowels
- Nausea, vomiting or breast tenderness similar to that experienced during pregnancy
- Fullness or heaviness in your abdomen
- Pressure on your rectum or bladder that causes a need to urinate more frequently or difficulty emptying your bladder completely
How is ovarian cyst diagnosed?
Sometimes ovarian cysts may be noticed by a health care practitioner during a bimanual examination of the pelvis. If a cyst is suspected based upon the symptoms of physical examination, imaging techniques are used. Most cysts are diagnosed by ultrasound, which is the best imaging technique for detecting ovarian cysts. Ultrasound is an imaging method that uses sound waves to produce an image of structures within the body. Ultrasound imaging is painless and causes no harm.
Cysts can also be detected with other imaging methods, such as CT scan or MRI scan (magnetic resonance imaging).
How is ovarian cyst treated?
Watchful waiting. If you have a cyst, you may be told to wait and have a second exam in 1 to 3 months. Your doctor will check to see if the ovarian cyst has changed in size. This is a common treatment option for women who:
- Are in their childbearing years
- Have no symptoms
- Have a fluid-filled cyst
- It may be an option for postmenopausal women.
Surgery. Your doctor may want to remove the cyst if you are postmenopausal, or if it:
- Doesn't go away after several menstrual cycles
- Gets larger
- Looks odd on the ultrasound
- Causes pain
The two main surgeries are:
- Laparoscopy – Done if the cyst is small and looks benign (noncancerous) on the ultrasound. While you are under general anesthesia, a very small cut is made above or below your navel. A small instrument that acts like a telescope is put into your abdomen. Then your doctor can remove the cyst.
- Laparotomy – Done if the cyst is large and may be cancerous. While you are under general anesthesia, larger incisions are made in the stomach to remove the cyst. The cyst is then tested for cancer. If it is cancerous, the doctor may need to take out the ovary and other tissues, like the uterus. If only one ovary is taken out, your body is still fertile and can still produce estrogen.
Birth control pills. If you keep forming functional cysts, your doctor may prescribe birth control pills to stop you from ovulating. If you don’t ovulate, you are less likely to form new cysts. You can also use Depo-Provera. It is a hormone that is injected into muscle. It prevents ovulation for 3 months at a time.

What is Glandular Cystitis-Symptoms, Diagnosis, Therapies, Preventions

What is Glandular Cystitis?
Glandular Cystitis is a special type of chronic cystitis. Lots of experts think that is related with the chronic stimulation of bladder infection, obstruction, calculus, etc. It is thought to be a kind of non-neoplasti inflammatory lesion. This disease has a tendency to increase in recent years. It is regarded as a kind of precancerous lesion recently and about 4% patients with this disease may transform into bladder cancer after several years if without timely treatments.
What are Clinical Symptoms for Glandular Cystitis?
Clinical Symptoms for Glandular Cystitis are as follows:
1.      Recurrent urinate frequency and urgency
2.      Pain during urination
3.      Have blood in urine
4.      Abnormal pain in lower abdomen and perineum
5.      Pain and swelling around the opening of urethral orifice
6.     Abnormal pain on the pubic area and perineum
7.      Painful sexual intercourse
How is Glandular Cystitis diagnosed?
Imageological diagnosis is important, but it generally depends on cystoscopy and biopsy.
Cystoscopy is characterized by:
1.      The lesion is mainly at the area of trigonum vesicae or cervix;
2.      The lesion is commonly in the structure of centricity, often scattered, in flakiness or clusters
3.      The lesion has multi-shapes in nipple, lobular or follicle. The top of the lesion is close to transparent without blood vessel.
4.      The ureteral orifice is not clear in most of cases.
How is Glandular Cystitis treated?
Pharmaceutical drug treatments, surgical treatment as well as the combination of both are the main therapies of Glandular Cystitis. Surgical treatment can be used within the cavity or open surgery, while drug therapy uses bladder irration method.
A.     Adopting related treatment after dissolving infection, obstruction and stone of chronic stimulation.
After dissolving infection, obstruction and stone of chronic stimulation, related treatments will be adopted according to the lesion’s type, area and scope. Under the premise of treating bladder outlet obstruction, electric bright, electricity cut method and bladder perfusion, etc. are adopted. As it is recurrent for Glandular Cystitis, the damage to patients maybe slighter with the treatment of electric bright and electricity cut which can also be repeatedly. This therapy can be the main treatment for Glandular Cystitis.
B.      Bladder Irritation
Similar to bladder tumor drugs, Bladder Irritation can be divided into two parts:
a. Chemical toxicity drugs can directly damage DNA and interfere with the DNA replication. It main effects ‘S’ period and has no effect on ‘Go’ period. Then it can inhibit the abnormal proliferation of abnormal bladder mucosa and atypical hyperplasia, etc.
b. Immune inhibitors, such as interleukin - 2, the BCG vaccine etc., can stimulates the body's immune response and local reactions to prevent recurrent lesions.
C.      Herbal Medicine
Some herbal medicines are also optional to treat Glandular Cystitis, such as Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill, which can help one cure Glandular Cystitis safely and efficiently. It has no side effects and can kill bacteria and promote blood circulation.
How to prevent Glandular Cystitis?
Glandular Cystitis is caused by inflammation, but one’s living habits is also one significant factor leading to the disease. For example, it may lead to bladder infection if one uses aluminum cooking pot in long term or regularly drinks coffee, carbonated beverage, chocolate, wine, etc.,
As a result, the curing time will be longer if one’s diet is out of correct control in daily life. To prevent Glandular Cystitis, some suggestions and tips are listed below:
1.      Eat more diuretic food, such as water melon, grape, pineapple, celery, pear, etc.
2.      Eat more escargots, corn, green soybean and scallion as these food can relieve the symptoms of urinary frequency and urgency as well as painful urination.
3.      Drink water as many as possible and keep at least 1500ml of urine output everyday.
4.      Avoid spicy food like wine, pepper, vinegar, sour fruits, etc.
5.      Avoid eating oranges because oranges may lead to alkaline urine that can accelerate the reproduction pace of bacteria.
6.      Don’t eat much coffee because it can lead to the shrink of bladder neck and cause spasmodic pain.